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Study On Mortgage Lending Patterns In China - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2571 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Introduction Objective Why study this issue organisation of the dissertation With Chinas rapid economic development, urbanization advance, driven by domestic demand and improved living standards, the residentsÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ demand for housing improvement has been increasing. In the foreseeable future, China will have a thriving real estate development space and potential. Financial support is necessary for real estate development, especially housing mortgage loans. DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Mortgage Lending Patterns In China" essay for you Create order For Commercial Banks in China, this is a huge cake and cheese. The one with best risk-management abilities and tools will be able to gain more market share. This dissertation take China Merchants Bank as case study on the design, methods, processes, data, development and verification of housing mortgage loans scoring card, propose home mortgage loans scorecard model, and be used effective and widely. Literature Review Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Credit Scoring/Sub-prime crisis Mortgage contracts/types of mortgages Credit Scoring technologies are used to control levels of default within american consumer credit. And such technologies have been involved with its own methodological, procedural and temporal risks. And periodic renewal of models and constant reappraisal of methods and procedures are required in accessing the risk. Through testing a diffusion model of techbology adoption for the financial services industry, we find that banking organizations that are more centralized in their organizational structure and those located in the New York Federal Reserve district adpted small business credit scoring before their peers. The former is due to the influence of organizational structure on technology adoption, and the latter is consistent with theories of geography-dependent innovation diffusion. Race is influential to the mortgage lending disicion in USA. However, it is not important in China. Profession and income level have greater effect on the probability of getting the loan. I will dev elop another critiria to understand the pattern in China based on the study of Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…â€œUnderstanding Mortgage Lending PatternsÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Issac F. Megbolugbe. Background of mortgage lending in China Strong growth in Chinas housing markets. The housing mortgage in China is not very old in comparison to others. 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Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¹Ãƒ ©?Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã‹Å"Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹Å"Ãƒ ¥Ã…â€œÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…â€™Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸?Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ³Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ China Merchants Bank (hereinafter referred to as Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…â€œCMBÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) is one of the first bank engaged in studying and adopting credit scoring model in China since 2004. In 2007, CMB developed its mortgage loan application scoring model, and the model was applied countrywide to all its 700 branches next year. In 2009, with the progress of Basel II Accord implementing in Chinese banking industry, CMB developed its application scoring model, behavior scoring model, collection scoring model of mortgage loan, auto loan, personal consumption loan in succession to measure and manage its risk in a more accurate way. As for now, scoring model systems are used in the bank to cover over 95 percent of loan business in retail banking sector through various process including loan application, marketing, pricing, after sale management, default loan collection, etc. CMBÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mortgage loan application scoring model uses the same methodology as that in those active European and American banks. By collecting debtorÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk characteristics information, shaping its default definition and performance period, utilizing logistic regression based on 0/1 distribution of dependent variable, using KS statistical analysis to test the modelÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s predictive capability, the scoring model was finally established. Due to the difference in ChinaÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political, economic and cultural environment with western countries, CMBÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit scoring model also differs in its design details from European and American banks. With the relatively short history in studying an d adopting credit scoring model in Chinese banking industry, some shortfalls in date collection was also in existence and will be reflected in the independent risk variables as the result of the credit scoring model. For example, CMB generated different scoring model for different regional segmentation in its model designing period. The reason relies on the unbalanced economical development and different demographical characteristics and risk characteristics through over the country. The risk characteristics like age, income can have totally different impact to the credit scoring model. In some cities, elder applicant represents high income level and stable economic status, thus the possibility of loan default is low. While in some other cities, younger applicant can get financial support from the whole family, thus means lower risk of this type of applicants. However, European banks usually apply only one consistent model in one country. For some small banks, one consistent mode l will be applied even in several countries due to the lack of adequate sample date and similar economic and cultural environment. Another example is that the demographical information in CMB sample data is not so credible as that for Western BanksÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Most of the demographical information in CMB data comes from the application form which is filled out by applicants themselves. Some demographical information, like income, marital status, could not be verified through any official credit agency. In some occasions, applicants may exaggerate their income level or distort their marital status to meet the credit approval requirement of the bank. So the authenticity of the date could not guaranteed, and the bank must use those information cautiously. The relationship manager of the bank always need to assess their customersÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ risk level by using the tools bank provided or with their own experience, but the assessment result are usually not quantitative ou tput and can not be used in building the credit scoring models. While for European and American banks, the authoritative credit agencies provided a transparent and credible information environment. Banks can cheaply and conveniently access to the credit agencies for demographical information of applicants, including age, dwelling address, telephone number, period in current employment, household income, other outstanding loan, default record and tax information, and those electric information can be downloaded and integrated into the banksÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ database system for the purpose of building the credit scoring model. To compare the credit scoring model development process in CMB and CITI Bank of USA, (hereinafter referred to as Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…â€œCITIÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?), we found the same basic methodology are adopted, both banks using logistic regression to create their mortgage application scoring models, the default definition and performance period are quite close, and KS tes ting, out-of-sample testing and cross-time testing are all applied to validate the modelÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness. The main discrepancy rest with the date sample date sector and can be sorted as follows: Firstly, the sample date is easily accessible from credit agencies for Citi bank, and the bank use extensively those date in its model building process. There are more than 1000 credit agencies in USA and mostly of them are subjected to three most authoritative credit agencies: Experian, TransUnion and Equifax. Citi bank receives credit information both directly from Experian and from their outsourcing credit enquiry companies in Georgia and South Dakota. But for Chinese banks, including CMB, the one and only credit information channel is the PBOC(PeopleÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bank of China) Credit Center established few years ago. This official credit agency started to provide its credit query service to commercial banks only in 2008. Due to its limited history, more than ha lf of the nationÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population are still excluded from outside the system. For many applicants, Credit Center could neither verify their demographical information nor find credit record for them. Furthermore, the credit query service do not provide mass electronic date but only printable date, thus made the integration of query results with banks database an impossible mission. Secondly, for Citi bank, some demographical information, like race, gender, canÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be used in credit scoring model development due to the restriction of laws and regulations. Otherwise, the discrimination between loan applicants with different races or genders may cause serious consequences such as lawsuit against the bank. But there is not such limitation in both ChinaÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s banking regulations and traditional morality, the bank could use such information to discriminate their customers in the credit scoring model if only they have enough predictive ability and business sense. Thirdly, in Citi bankÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit scoring model, the information of refusal debtorsÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are also deemed as sample date, thus provide a new dimension to analysis the customersÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ risk characteristics. The bank may summarize rules from the risk characteristics of those rejected applicants and adopted into the credit approval guidelines for further practice operations. CMB did not reserve any information about rejected applicant in past so that its credit scoring system did not involve any reject inference activity. Recently, CMB has started to collect information about rejected applicant, but the information canÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be used in adjust the model only when they accumulated to a certain amount after about five years. Generally speaking, CMB has already established a series of credit scoring model to cover its retail banking business including mortgage loan by using universal methodology. However, the date col lection is one of its main shortages for the bank to improve the quality of its modelling practice. 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ChinaÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s housing market reform started in year 1988, but it was not until 1995 that ChinaÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s central bank PBOC issued its first regulation in individual household loan area. This Provisional Code of Housing Loan on Commercial BanksÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Account set the minimum mortgage down payment ratio at 30%, the maximum term of mortgage loan at 10 years, the mortgage interest rate is a preferential rate to the benchmark of fixed assets loan. In 1999, PBOC issued A Number of Views on Encouraging the Development of Consumption Loans, in which the loan to value rate loosened to 80%, the maximum term of mortgage loan to 30 years, and the lowest preferential interest rate can be 10% discount on benchmark. In 2003, PBOC issued Notice on Further Enhance Real Estate Loan Management, in which reaffirmed the 20% minimum down payment, raise the interest rate of mortgage loan to benchmark. The Notice brings forward the new concept of Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…â€ œsecond set of houseÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, to which the bank should raise the down payment and interest rate level to the debtor. In recent years, the skyrocketing real estate prices in China bring worries on assets bubbles in public and accumulated risks to mortgage loans and real estate loan. The central bank and CBRC (China Banking Regulatory Commission) constituted and enacted several regulations to guide the mortgage business with most of the measures hooked on down payment ratio and interest rate. Generally speaking, for purchase of the first set of house, the down payment requirement is at least 20% and the interest rate are relatively flexible; for purchase of the second set of house, the down payment requirement is at least 30% and the interest rate at benchmark. The relatively loosen policy was deems as one of the important drives to boost the house price to an irrational high level now in many Chinese big cities. To curb housing market speculation, the State Council announce d in April, 2010 that: 1. The minimum down payment ratio is lifted to 30% for the first set of house purchase if the area is more than 90 square meters; 2. Second set of house buyers must pay at least 50% of the value for mortgage down payment, and the interest rate are at least 1.1 times of benchmark; 3. Higher down payment ratio and interest rates are required for Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…â€œthree of more setÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of house purchase. Analyst believe the mortgage loan demand should be negatively impacted but within a limited range, and the lifted down payment ratio would provide better buffer for housing pricing decline, which would benefit loan quality. As for the banking regulations specific in the credit scoring system, it was not until 1997 CBRC released several regulatory guidelines successively along with the Basel II Accord implementation progress in Chinese banking industry. One of the most important is the Internal Rating System Regulatory Guideline, in which principle guidel ines for building internal rating system are provided for commercial banks. Being a vital part of internal rating system, credit scoring system is also regulated by these guidelines, and the main principles on credit scoring system in the guidelines are as follows: The burden is on the bank to satisfy its supervisor that a model or procedure has good predictive power and that regulatory capital requirements will not be distorted as a result of its use. The variables that are input to the model must form a reasonable set of predictors. The model must be accurate on average across the range of borrowers or facilities to which the bank is exposed and there must be no known material biases. The bank must have in place a process for vetting data inputs into a statistical prediction model which includes an assessment of the accuracy, completeness and appropriateness of the data specific to the assignment of an approved rating. The bank must demonstrate that the data used to build the model are representative of the population of the bankÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actual borrowers or facilities. When combining model results with human judgement, the judgement must take into account all relevant and material information not considered by the model. The bank must have written guidance describing how human judgement and model results are to be combined. The bank must have procedures for human review of model-based rating assignments. Such procedures should focus on finding and limiting errors associated with known model weaknesses and must also include credible ongoing efforts to improve the modelÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance. The bank must have a regular cycle of model validation that includes monitoring of model performance and stability; review of model relationships; and testing of model outputs against outcomes. The bank should clearly know the basic assumptions of the model and assess the consistency between the assumptions and current economic or market conditions. The bank must demonstrate that economic or market conditions that underlie the data are relevant to current and foreseeable conditions. If current conditions change, the bank should ensure that the model can adapt the changed conditions. If model can not meet the request, the bank must adjust model conservatively. The above are all regulation items about credit scoring system. We can see those regulation items are mostly principle-based. The process and method of building credit scoring system are in compliance with the guideline on the whole. Although the banking regulations on credit scoring system are roughly and fundamentally, CBRC has always kept a close watch on the credit scoring model construction in the countryÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest six commercial banks including CMB. Stringent and strict on-site assessment has been carried out by CBRC throughout the whole process of date collection, model design to parameter results to ensure the appropriate a doption of the models. In June 2010, CBRC urgently request various state-owned commercial banks, joint-stock commercial banks as well as the city commercial banks with asset size over 500 billion yuan to start self-examination for real estate loans, and conduct stress testings especially in mortgage loan business. The result shows that even under highest stress scenario that the house price drop 30% from present level, the real estate related loans will maintain good quality, and the NPL (non-performing loan) ratio for mortgage loans will increase less than 1% for the whole banking industry. It is believed that the relatively high down payment ratio and the traditional credit culture in China contributed to such a released consolable result. Comparison of China/US/UK banking regulation and default risk Mortgage lending in China is safer and more stable than that in US. Conclusions

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay on The Benefits of Naps - 1275 Words

What do people think of when they first hear the word nap? Everyday sayings such as snatching a nap, being caught napping, snoozing, or stealing forty winks are all beneficial daily activities we need to add to our busy life. If we do, we will be more awake and capable to reach our full potential as an individual. People donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t realize how important a nap can be. Although popular beliefs suggest that naps are a waste of time, naps actually increase productivity by resting the brain. Nap Basics In order to obtain the full benefits of the nap, there are certain Ã¢â‚¬Å"rulesÃ¢â‚¬ that need to be followed. Following these guidelines will ensure maximum effectiveness. One condition is that naps should be taken in the early afternoon. Naps canÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦You will be able to accomplish more.Ã¢â‚¬ (qtd. by Griffey 42) An afternoon nap helped him with his many responsibilities. Leonardo da Vinci used naps so much that he didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t need to sleep at night. Every two hours, he would take a fifteen minute nap. Many believe this contributed to his seemingly endless supply of creativity (Griffey 10). Thomas Edison would take one to two naps per day, and once turned a patron away because he was taking a nap (Griffey 73). Bill Clinton was known for taking naps whenever he could (Griffey 52). These famous figures dispel the myth that taking naps means ones lazy. They accomplished so much, yet knew their individual limitations. They gave full effort when frequent occasions required, but they also refused to run too fast. We can learn from their examples, and restore the nap to our everyday routine. The Need for Naps In todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s busy world, fatigue in the early afternoon is nearly normal. Many believe that this slump is caused by a heavy lunch. However, in reality, this occurs because we were meant to have a mid-afternoon nap (Jacobs). Those who take twenty minutes to nap when this slump occurs receive special benefits because sleep during the day is more restful than extra sleep in the morning (Scott). For everyone this can be a tough to do, especially when you have something so beneficial. Society would do well to make room for naps. When you wake up in the morning dreading the day, not wanting toShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Naps1598 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesNaps. Everyone has taken naps at some point in their life. We take them after a long day of school, a long day of work, or when we didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t get enough sleep the night before. We take naps all the time, but do we truly know how naps affect our body? Do we truly know how we benefit from naps? Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Sleep is a complicated process that many of us take for granted. Without sleep, we would die. Sleep has many benefits, but unfortunately some people with sleep disorders or people with night shift jobs are unableRead MoreDaily Napping To Keep You Happy.With Only 24 Hours In A1260 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesthat issue. To promote physical well-being and improve mood and memory, schools and workplaces should adjusts their schedules to accommodate naps. To many adults and teenagers, naps are a gift from the heavens and a rare occurrence. Although people donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t normally take daily naps once they grow up, there arenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t many reasons not to. Napping provides many benefits, including an Ã¢â‚¬Å"increase in relaxation, reduced fatigue, reduced risks of heart disease, increased alertness, improved mood, improved performanceRead MoreSpeech On Importance Of Nap Time1520 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesOscar Bencomo Mrs. Stanton English Comp II October 8, 2014 Importance of Nap Time People tend to get drowsy throughout the day and everyone has their way of dealing with the grogginess. The best and most natural way is to simply take a nap. It is like taking a mini-vacation. People close their eyes to get away from reality and awake with energy to push them through the day. A nap is essential to keep the mind sane, it contributes to good performance, alertness, productivity, and emotional balanceRead MoreWhy People Should Nap During The School Of Montgomery College Essay1665 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesAlong with this many students nap during the day to make up for the loss of sleep. Many studies have found that napping can actually improve moods, health, and academic performance. This is shown in different studies from surveys, to testing different reactions and moods. All the way to actually providing students with a place to nap. Napping can increase academic performance, mood, and have a positive effect on health. All of these being reasons why people should nap. The main campus of MontgomeryRead MoreWork And Adopt A Natural Energy Booster, The Common Nap Essay1607 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagestake a break from their work and adopt a natural energy booster, the common nap. Workplace napping is an innovative, low-cost method that is starting to be incorporating at peopleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s places of work. Many people associate naps with laziness, however, businesses are evaluating the importance of naps in the workplace, as they hold various benefits such as an increase in performance, attentiveness, and overall productivity. Naps have held many stigmas over the years and are often seen as very unprofessionalRead MoreWake Up! Sleep is Necessary Essay1187 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesfull nightÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s rest. This is untrue because the amount of sleep you need has a large dependence on the many factors that influence healthy energy. Age is a large indicator of how much sleep is relevant to an individual. Studies done by Milner (2008), Ã¢â‚¬Å"Benefits of napping and an extended duration of recovery sleep on alertness and immune cells after acute sleep restrictionÃ¢â‚¬ show that an adult needs nine hours a day in order to carry out work productively, feel rejuvenated, and maintain contented moods.Read MoreSleep, Sleep Disorders, and Biological Rhythms by Charles J Amlaner1247 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesthe short periods of sleep, called naps, that some people take during the day. Throughout history there have been many famous and important people who made naps an important part of their day including John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan and Winston Churchill. In some cultures the nap is traditional part of everyday life. Spain is famous for its siesta, and other countries, like Japan, are discovering the benefits of a midday sleep period. For maximum effect the nap should be about 30 minutes becauseRead MoreSleep And Its Effect On Children1342 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pageseffect on their learning development. Toddlers, ages 30-36 months, were tested on solving a challenging task of an unsolvable puzzle (Miller, Seifer, Crossin Lebourgeois, 2015). The toddlers in the no nap condition were having trouble figuring out the difficult task; however, the ones who were in the nap condition used self-regulation strategies, for example, they focused on one piece at a time. Miller et al. (2015), concluded that children who miss sleep can have a risk for social, emotional, behavioralRead MoreAfter A Long Seven-Hour Day, Have You Ever Noticed A Kindergartner1014 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesfive-year-oldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s memory foll owing a nap. According to Kurdziela, Duclosb, Spencer (2013), study results demonstrated that children had better memory recall following a nap than when they had been kept awake. Therefore, the study concluded that children functioned better when they received a nap during the day. Young children between the ages of five and six benefit emotionally, cognitively, socially, and physically after brief rest periods; therefore, twenty-minute naps during kindergarten should beRead MoreThe Distribution Of Watches962 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesreceive a reminder email and text to resume wearing the watch. Nap Session Based on the previous eveningÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s email participants are directed to meet after the morning practice participants in the Sleep Psychology Research Lab Napping participants (total of 6) will be directed to the Sleep Room Participants will be explained the procedure and requested to not talk. A baby monitor will be in the room so as to insure compliance. After the nap session participants will be waken and directed to return to

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Schema Mapping free essay sample

The approaches which are used by P2P systems for defining and creating the mappings between peersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ schemas can be classified as follows: 1- Pairwise schema mapping, 2-mapping based on machine learning techniques, 3- common agreement mapping, - 4-schema mapping using information retrieval (IR) techniques. 1-Pairwise Schema Mapping: In this approach, each user defines the mapping between the local schema and the schema of any other peer that contains data that are of interest. Relying on the transitivity of the defined mappings, the system tries to extract mappings between schemas that have no defined mapping. Piazza follows this approach : An Example of Pairwise Schema Mapping in Piazza The data are shared as XML documents, and each peer has a schema that defines the terminology and the structural constraints of the peer. When a new peer (with a new schema) joins the system for the first time, it maps its schema to the schema of some other peers in the system. We will write a custom essay sample on Schema Mapping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each mapping definition begins with an XML template that matches some path or subtree of an instance of the target schema. Elements in the template may be annotated with query expressions that bind variables to XML nodes in the source. Active XML [Abiteboul et al. , 2002, 2008b] also relies on XML documents for data sharing. The main innovation is that XML documents are active in the sense that they can includeWeb service calls. Therefore, data and queries can be seamlessly integrated. another example that follows this approach: The Local Relational Model (LRM): LRM assumes that the peers hold relational databases, and each peer knows a set of peers with which it can exchange data and services. This set of peers is called peerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s acquaintances. Each peer must define semantic dependencies and translation rules between its data and the data shared by each of its acquaintances. The defined mappings form a semantic network, which is used for query reformulation in the P2P system. Piazza Querying Reformulation Example: Hyperion [Kementsietsidis et al. , 2003]: generalizes this approach to deal with autonomous peers that form acquaintances at run-time, using mapping tables to define value correspondences among heterogeneous databases. Peers perform local querying and update processing, and also propagate queries and updates to their acquainted peers. Table from Airline Ã¢â‚¬ËœAÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Table from Airline Ã¢â‚¬ËœBÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Mapping Tables PGrid [Aberer et al. , 2003b]: also assumes the existence of pairwise mappings between peers, initially constructed by skilled experts. Relying on the transitivity of these mappings and using a gossip algorithm, PGrid extracts new mappings that relate the schemas of the peers between which there is no predefined schema mapping. 2-Mapping based on Machine Learning Techniques: This approach is generally used when the shared data are defined based on ontologies and taxonomies as proposed for the semantic web. It uses machine learning techniques to automatically extract the mappings between the shared schemas. The extracted mappings are stored over the network, in order to be used for processing future queries. * GLUE [Doan et al. , 2003b] uses this approach as the following: Given two ontologies,for each concept in one, GLUE finds the most similar concept in the other. It gives well founded probabilistic definitions to several practical similarity measures, and uses multiple learning strategies, each of which exploits a different type of information either in the data instances or in the taxonomic structure of the ontologies. To further improve mapping accuracy, GLUE incorporates commonsense knowledge and domain constraints into the schema mapping process. * The basic idea is to provide classifiers for the concepts. To decide the similarity between two concepts A and B, the data of concept B are classified using AÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s classifier and vice versa. * The amount of values that can be succ essfully classified into A and B represent the similarity between A and B. - 3- Common Agreement Mapping: In this approach, the peers that have a common interest agree on a common schema description for data sharing. The common schema is usually prepared and maintained by expert users. APPA [Akbarinia et al. , 2006a; Akbarinia and Martins, 2007] makes the assumption that peers wishing to cooperate. * e. g. , for the duration of an experiment, agree on a Common Schema Description (CSD). * Given a CSD, a peer schema can be specified using views. This is similar to the LAV approach in data integration systems, except that queries at a peer are expressed in terms of the local views, not the CSD. Another difference between this approach and LAV is that the CSD is not a global schema, i. e. , it is common to a limited set of peers with a common interest (see Figure). Common Agreement Schema Mapping in APPA * Thus, the CSD does not pose scalability challenges. When a peer decides to share data, it needs to map its local schema to the CSD. Example: * Given two CSD relation definitions r1 and r2, an example of peer mapping at peer p is: In this example, the relation r(A;B;D) that is shared by peer p is mapped to relations r1(A;B;C), r2(C;D;E) both of which are involved in the CSD. In APPA, the mappings between the CSD and each peerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s local schema are stored locally at the peer. Given a query Q on the local schema, the peer reformulates Q to a query on the CSD using locally stored mappings. AutoMed [McBrien and Poulovassilis, 2003]: is another system that relies on common agreements for schema mapping. It defines the mappings by using primitive bidirectional transformations defined in terms of a low-level data model. 4- Schema Mapping using IR Techniques: This approach extracts the schema mappings at query execution time using IR techniques by exploring the schema descriptions provided by users. PeerDB [Ooiet al. , 2003a] follows this approach for query processing in unstructured P2P networks. * For each relation that is shared by a peer, the description of the relation and its attributes is maintained at that peer. The descriptions are provided by users upon creation of relations, and serve as a kind of synonymous names of relation names and attributes. When a query is issued, a request to find out potential matches is produced and flooded to the peers that return the corresponding metadata. By matching keywords from the metadata of the relations, PeerDB is able to find relations that are potentially similar to the query relations. The relations that are found are presented to the issuer of the query who decides whether or not to proceed with the execution of the query at the remote peer that owns the relations. Edutella [Nejdl et al. , 2003] also follows this approach for schema mapping in super-peer networks. Resources in Edutella are described using the RDF metadata model, and the descriptions are stored at super-peers. When a user issues a query at a peer p, the query is sent to pÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s super-peer where the stored schema descriptions are explored and the addresses of the relevant peers are returned to the user. If the super-peer does not find relevant peers, it sends the query to other super-peers such that they search relevant peers by exploring their stored schema descriptions. In order to explore stored schemas, super-peers use the RDF-QEL query language, which is based on Datalog semantics and thus compatible with all existing query languages, supporting query functionalities that extend the usual relational query languages.

Sunday, April 19, 2020

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Example For Students

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Sewage systems are one of the most of import substructures in building of residential, industrial or commercial undertaking as it determines the quality of life enjoyed by a community. It consists of a web of belowground cloaca pipes, pump Stationss, sewerage intervention workss and sludge intervention installations. This system normally operates based on by gravitation due to the incline of the pipe which reduces the high cost required for pumping. We will write a custom essay on The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sewers are farther classified into a few classs, which depend on the type of effluent that each of it carries. For illustration, storm cloacas are designed to transport stormwater from roofs, paved countries, pavings and roads ; industrial cloacas are designed to transport effluent generate from the industry ; healthful cloacas are designed to transport the waste H2O from cooking and rinsing and the wastes from lavatories. There is another type of cloaca which is known as combined cloacas. These types of cloacas are designed to transport stormwater, industrial wastes, and domestic sewerage. In Malaysia, many towns and metropoliss use the separate cloaca system. The effluent is transported in separate pipes from storm cloacas, industrial cloacas and healthful cloacas. This system will non see CSOs ( Combine Sewer Overflows ) which normally happen to combined cloaca. The implosion therapy will do by stormwater merely. Sewage system is really of import as it helps people to transport the wastes or sewage off from their topographic points. Therefore, the system must be working good because improper operation system will take to pollution and taint of assorted facets of our environing which affect human life and wellness. Hence, regular care must be done to the bing sewage system and appropriate design must be applied to the new sewage systems to guarantee the sewage systems are in good status. The efficiency of the sewage system is affected by the flow of the effluent. In planing a sewage system, the type and size of the pipe to be used must be able to suit the extremum flow. The extremum flow is based on the population equivalent which is a direct measuring of the population in an country. When planing the sewage, there is a criterion and standards that should be followed. The standard codification of pattern for sewage design in Malaysia ( MS 1228:1991 ) was adopted from British Standard ; BS 8005:1987. However, British Standard may non be as applicable to Malaysia due to the season and clime factor which have direct consequence on the extremum flow. This is the chief ground of making this research to happen out whether the criterion is suited to be used in Malaysia. Outline1 Problem Statement2 1.3Research Aims3 1.4 Scope of Research4 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW5 2.1 Sewage System in Malaya6 Figure 2.1 Flow of effluent from private pipe to public pipe ( USJ 23 Residence7 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater8 Figure 2.2 Transportation system of Wastewater ( Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum,9 Wastewater Treatment )10 2.3 Concept A ; Theory11 2.4 Measure for Effluent12 Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE ( MS1228:1991 )13 No.14 Type of Premises/Establishment15 Population Equivalent ( recommended )16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes23 2.4.2.1 Lending Population24 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow25 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate26 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow27 2.5.1 Design Equations28 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design29 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design30 Figure 2.2 ( a ) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge31 ( B ) Pipe flow with surcharge ( David and John, 2011 )32 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer33 Table 2.2 Pipe Materi als for Gravity Sewer34 Types of Pipe Material35 Length ( m )36 Diameter ( millimeter )37 Pipe Joints38 A39 A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 A45 A46 A47 A48 A49 A50 A51 A52 A53 A54 A55 A56 A57 A58 A59 Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY60 3.1 Introduction61 3.2 Preliminary Plants62 3.2.1 Information Gathering63 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems64 ( MS1228:1991 )65 3.3 Site Work66 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement Problem Statement Any sewage system will be designed to transport a certain sum of sewerage based on the population equivalent ( PE ) . In sewage design, the per capita flow and the peak flow rate ( Qpeak ) are of import parametric quantities. Based on British Standard, the per capita flow is 225L/day/person and the extremum flow factor, K is 4.7. However, a old survey indicated lower per capita flow and peak flow factor in the sewage system in Malaysia although no conclusive consequences were obtained ( Dayalan, 2007 ) . A lower extremum flow factor will ensue in smaller pipes which will incur lower cost. Therefore, farther research is needed to analyze the suitableness of current design standard for sewage system located in tropical climes. 1.3Research Aims The aims of the survey are: To obtain flow informations from pre-determined cloaca tributary country. To measure the parametric quantity in the extremum flow factor equation for medium graduated table sewage catchment system. To find the relationship between population of an country to the extremum flow of sewage system. 1.4 Scope of Research To roll up relevant information of sewage design from selected literatures. To happen out relevant expression provided in selected codifications for sewage design. To analyze the extremum flow factor in sewer line that serve the PE value of 1000-10000. To mensurate flow features by utilizing flow metre with build-in detector in manholes at Tropicana Indah. To compare the consequences obtained with the expression in the standard codification. To do recommendation on the feasibleness of the codification expression to tropical clime. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sewage System in Malaya The sewage system is designed to roll up effluent or disgusting sewerage generated from residential, industrial and commercial countries through sewer pipes and discharges it to the intervention workss or installations to guarantee the sewerage is released to the natural H2O organic structures in an appropriate status and quality ( Geoffrey, 2004 ) . In Malaysia, sewage systems range from simple lavatory with small or no intervention provided to modern sewerage intervention workss that treat the sewerage to the desired quality conformity to environment criterion. There are two chief types of sewage system in Malaysia. A premiss sewage system is either connected to a public sewerage intervention works or an single infected armored combat vehicle. Indah Water Konsortium ( IWK ) is responsible to supply service and care to public sewerage intervention workss and all the belowground pipes and besides provide desludging services to single infected armored combat vehicles ( Abd Aziz, 2006 ) . IWK decided to split the belowground pipe into two subdivisions, public pipe and private pipe ( Figure 2.1 ) to do certain that all belowground pipes operate without any job. Public pipe is under the duty of IWK and the private pipe is under single duty. An person have to pay for the IWK services when the private pipe demand for serving. ( Abd Aziz, 2006 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usj23.com/planet_free/sewage_system/Sewage % 20System.jpg Figure 2.1 Flow of effluent from private pipe to public pipe ( USJ 23 Residence 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater Wastewater is normally transported through sewer pipes that are connected to the cloaca brinies by clay, cast-iron, or polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) pipes that scope from 80-100mm diameter. The big cloaca brinies can be located about 1.8m deep or more than that along the center line of a street or tract. The little and big cloaca pipes are made by different stuff, in which the smaller cloaca pipes are made of clay, concrete, or asbestos cement, and the big cloaca pipes are made of strengthened concrete building. The flow of effluent is different from water-supply system. The H2O supply is transported to each house by the application of force per unit area. However, the effluent from each house is flows through sewer pipes by gravitation. Therefore, the cloaca pipe must put on incline surface to let the effluent to flux at a speed of at least 0.8m/s and non more than 4m/s. ( MS1228:1991 ) . If the effluent flows at speed lower than 0.8m/s, the solid stuff tends to settle in the pipe whic h will take to blockage. Storm-water brinies have similar construction as healthful cloacas but they have a much larger diameter than healthful cloacas. In certain topographic points, the urban cloaca brinies are connected to interceptor cloacas, which can so fall in to organize a bole line. The bole line will so dispatch the effluent into the wastewater-treatment works. This transit procedure is shown in Figure 2.2. As the interceptors and bole lines will transport the effluent discharge from sewer chief, they are normally made of brick or reinforced concrete which can transport more burden than the other pipe. Sometimes, they are big plenty for a truck to go through through them. ( Norhan Abd Rahman et.al, 2007 ) .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .postImageUrl , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:visited , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:active { border:0!important; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:active , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation Essayhypertext transfer protocol: //techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/CombinedSewer.jpg Figure 2.2 Transportation system of Wastewater ( Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum, Wastewater Treatment ) 2.3 Concept A ; Theory In planing a sewage pipe web, the pump Stationss and sewerage intervention workss are required to transport and pump volumetric flow rate. The flow rates are normally measured in three-dimensional metre per second ( m3/s ) and need to be calculated for both bing land usage and for expected hereafter development. There are two parametric quantities that are used to cipher expected flow rates. One of the parametric quantities is per capita flow. This per capita flow of 225L/person/day is an mean day-to-day flow, which means a individual will bring forth 225 litres of sewerage in a twenty-four hours. Another design parametric quantity named population equivalent ( PE ) of a catchment can besides be used to cipher the flow rate. PE is non a step of population. However, it is used to mensurate the estimated figure of people that use the sewerage installations. In residential countries, the PE is a direct measuring of the population in an country which is calculated as five per home. The PE has a different method of measuring in commercial country. It is calculated from the floor country and this PE value is considered to be relative to the figure of people utilizing a premiss during the twenty-four hours which does non reflect the population life in an country. 2.4 Measure for Effluent 2.4.1 Tributary Area Tributary country is an country from where the effluent is being transported to a peculiar cloaca subdivision. The types of activities in that country determine the measure of effluent being collected by a peculiar subdivision. A study has to be done when there is no information available on bing countries in order to find the figure and categorization of individuals and the types of industries. ( Guyer, 2010 ) Table 2.1 shows the method of ciphering the PE. Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE ( MS1228:1991 ) No. Type of Premises/Establishment Population Equivalent ( recommended ) 1 Residential 5 per unit 2 Commercial: A A ( include entertainment/recreational Centres, eating houses, cafeteria, theaters ) 3 per 100m gross country 3 School/Educational Institutions: A A Day schools/institutions 0.2 per pupil A Full moon residential 1 per pupil A Partial derivative residential 0.2 per pupil for non-residential pupil and 1 per pupil for residential pupil 4 Hospitals 4 per bed 5 Hotels ( with dining and wash installations ) 4 per room 6 Factories ( excepting procedure wastes ) 0.3 per staff 7 Market ( Wet Type ) 3 per stall 8 Petrol kiosks/Service Stationss 18 per service bay 9 Bus terminus 4 per coach bay 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes 2.4.2.1 Lending Population In planing the flow, the population to be used depends on the location of the cloaca. The design population in a residential country is based on the figure of houses served. However, the design population for an industrial country is the maximal figure of staff of all time employed. The design population for cloacas that serve both residential and industrial countries include occupants and non-residents. Designing of these cloacas denote that no individual should be counted more than one time. Allowances should be made for future population alterations caused by maestro planning projections and installation forces demands. ( Guyer, 2010 ) 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow The mean day-to-day flow is counted by multiplying the population equivalent from occupant and non-resident with the appropriate per capita flow and adding the two flows generated from both resident and non-resident. The mean day-to-day flow shows the entire volume of waste generated over a 24-hour period. It can non be used for wastes that were generated over shorter periods of 8, 10, 12 hours, etc. Therefore, it can merely be used for planing cloacas that generate effluent over a 24-hour period ( e.g. residential country ) . In Malaysia, the mean day-to-day flow for residential country is normally taken as 225L/person/day. In industrial countries, the mean day-to-day flow is taken every bit 115L/person/day as non-resident forces and employees is working for 8-hour displacements. These measures are normally used in planing effluent intervention installations. However, they are besides used for sizing interceptors, bole cloacas and pumping Stationss functioning big parts of the insta lling. ( Guyer, 2010 ) 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate Average hourly flow rate is used for planing cloacas that serve little countries of the installing ( e.g. industrial country ) , where most of the effluent is generated by non-residents or other short term residents. The mean hourly flow rate is counted based on the existent period of waste coevals. For illustration, 1000 non-residents with an mean day-to-day flow of 115L/person/day would bring forth 115,000 litres in 8 hours which is tantamount to an mean hourly flow rate of 14,375 L/h or 345,000 L/d. However, the mean day-to-day flow would still be 115,000 L/d. Therefore, the cloaca must be designed hydraulicly to transport 115,000 litres of waste in 8 hours alternatively of 24 hours ( Guyer, 2010 ) . If the cloaca is designed to transport a waste of 115,000 litres in 24 hours, so the cloaca pipe will non be able to transport the wastes as the existent volume of wastes generated is more than the design waste. This will take to the obstruction of sewer pipes and flood in the lavator y. 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow The design flow of effluent must be determined for any subdivision of a proposed cloaca. The design flow is non merely based on healthful sewerage ; industrial flows, inflow and infiltration must besides be taken into history. The followers shows the equation to find the extremum flow factor and the factor to be considered in sewage design. 2.5.1 Design Equations The extremum flow required to plan cloacas, pumping station and intervention installations are calculated by the undermentioned equation: Peak flow factor = 4.7 ten p-0.11 p Estimated tantamount population, in 1000. The cloacas are designed based on extremum flow to guarantee that the sewer pipes would be able to suit the effluent generated at any clip. 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design In planing cloacas, there are a few factors as stated in MS1228:1991 that must be taken into consideration: Economy in the design The cloacas should be kept every bit short as possible and avoid unproductive lengths. Shallow rider cloacas can be laid under main roads holding expensive foundations and surfaces to have the local house connexion, and to link the riders at convenient points into the chief cloacas. Location of cloacas The cloacas should be placed within streets or right-of-way to ease the care work. .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .postImageUrl , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:visited , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:active { border:0!important; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:active , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Building a Campfire There are many different campf EssayIf topography dictates, the cloaca is to be located within private belongingss, and supply equal entree for care intents. Location or the place of other bing or proposed service lines, constructing foundation, etc for care intents. A lower limit at 3 thousand horizontal and 1m perpendicular separation from the H2O chief should be provided to avoid the sewerage from come ining the H2O chief. The impact of sewer building and subsequent care activities towards route users. Hydraulic Design The cloacas should be laid at such gradients to bring forth equal speeds to convey the solid affair. The gradient should bring forth a minimal speed of non less than 0.8 m/s and a maximal speed of non more than 4.0 m/s to avoid scouring of cloaca by eroding action of suspended solid. Structural Design The deepness of cloacas must be equal to suit the sewerage from bing and future belongingss. The minimal deepness should be 1.2 m. The minimal size of the cloaca should be 200 millimeter in diameter in order to convey natural sewerage. Straight alliance and unvarying gradient between back-to-back manholes should be laid for cloacas of 600 millimeter or less in internal diameter while curves can be laid for cloacas of larger than 600 mm internal diameter. Flexible type and watertight articulations should be provided between cloacas, sewer manhole or other gear construction to avoid infiltration and breakage due to differential colony. The foundation should be able to keep the pipe in proper alliance and carry the weight of dirt above the cloaca and any other overlying burden. Service Connection The diameter of the connexion must be equal plenty to forestall obstruction jobs. The cloaca must hold a minimal gradient of 2 % . The minimal size of the connexion should be 150 millimeter. Tee junction should be used to link service connexion to the chief cloaca. 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design Sewers are designed to convey the effluent flows as required. By and large, it is non recommended to plan the cloacas for full flow, even at peak rates as the opportunities for job arising are high. The flows that cover above 90 % to 95 % of full deepnesss are considered unstable which may take to sudden loss of transporting capacity with surcharging at manholes as shown in Figure 2.2 ( Guyer, 2010 ) . Surcharging means that the pipe that is designed to flux full or partially full, is now transporting the flow under force per unit area. When the flow exceeds the design capacity, there will be surcharge in the manholes ( David and John, 2011 ) . Besides that, big bole and interceptor cloacas laid on level inclines experience less fluctuation in flow. If it is designed to flux full, the cloacas may miss sufficient air infinite above the liquid for proper airing. Ventilation in cloaca is of import in forestalling the buildup of explosive, caustic or odorous gases, and for cut downing th e formation of H sulphide. Therefore, the deepness of design flow for bole and interceptor cloacas should non transcend 90 % of full deepness ; laterals and chief cloacas, 80 % ; and edifice connexions, 70 % . Regardless of flow and deepness, the minimal sizes of sewer pipes to be used are 150 millimeters for service connexions and 200 millimeter for all other sewer types. The sewer pipes for service connexions are normally smaller than 150 millimeters as they merely convey liquids with small or no solids ( e.g. condensate lines ) . A condensate line of more than 100 millimeter is recommended for most state of affairss. Same design standards as healthful cloacas can be applied to industrial application except pipe stuff that is immune to the waste are to be specified. ( Guyer, 2010 ) Figure 2.2 ( a ) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge ( B ) Pipe flow with surcharge ( David and John, 2011 ) 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer There are many types of stuff which can be used for sewage building. However, the type of stuffs that we choose must depend on its life anticipation, old local experience, raggedness coefficient, structural strength and local handiness. Table 2.2 shows the common stuffs that are suited for healthful cloacas. Sewer pipes made by different stuff have different diameters and lengths. Table 2.2 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer Types of Pipe Material Length ( m ) Diameter ( millimeter ) Pipe Joints Vitrified clay pipe ( VCP ) 0.6 1.0 100 300 Flexible Reinforced concrete pipe A A A lt ; 375mm diameter 1.83 150 3000 Spigot A ; socket type with gum elastic rings gt ; 375mm diameter 3.05 Fabricated steel with sulfates resistance cement liner 9 100 1500 A A A A lt ; 750mm diameter A A Spigot A ; socket, rim and mechanical gt ; 750mm diameter A A Welded articulations Cast Fe 3.66 Vary Flange and spigot A ; socket type Asbestos cement pipe 4 100 600 A Plastic pipe 6 110 630 Spigot terminal and socket type with gum elastic seals, jointing by rims, welding and solvent cementing A A A A A A Other stuff A A A Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this research, a field work will be conducted to acquire the information that will be used to make the aims of this research. 3.2 Preliminary Plants This is the initial plants that has to be done before carry oning the field work at site. It includes information assemblage on the subject of sewage design and self-study on similar and related subjects in order to larn more. 3.2.1 Information Gathering A series of books, articles and online information has to be studied to obtain information on the subject of sewage design. Beginnings for sewage design largely come from abroad. However, the information on the method to measure the design standard is obtained from related research by a local university. 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems ( MS1228:1991 ) With the mention to this codification book, the design standard and the factors to be considered for sewage design is obtained. The equations to cipher the extremum flow which depend on the population equivalent are all available in this standard codification of pattern. 3.3 Site Work A site has been identified for the field work informations aggregation. The location of this site is in Tropicana Indah. Approval is still pending from IWK for entree to their manholes. 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement The flow feature of a subdivision of sewage pipe systems can be measured by utilizing a flow metre. This flow metre is provided with detector which will automatically enter the flow, speed and H2O tallness at a specific clip interval, which in this instance is 5 proceedingss. Once the measuring is completed, the information from the flow metre will be linked to a computing machine that has Flowlink4 package. This package would help the plotting of graphs for the 3 parametric quantities ( flow, speed and tallness ) every bit good as transportation of informations to other package. From the information, the upper limit and minimal hourly flow rate can be obtained. The mean flow rate can be used to cipher per capita flow. Flow per capita = Average day-to-day flow ( m3/day ) / Entire population equivalent ( PE ) = m3/day/person The rating of peak factor and per capita flow for sewage can besides be done through the informations obtained from field experiment. The equations that are used for sewage design are as follow: a. Peak flow factor = 4.7 A- p-0.11 B. Average day-to-day flow = Flow per capita A- Pe = m3/day c. Peak domestic flow = Peak flow factor A- Average day-to-day flow = 4.7 A- p-0.11 A- Flow per capita A- Pe = m3/day From MS 1228:1991, the p value is an estimated PE in 1000s and the mean flow per capita is 225 L/day/person.

Sunday, March 15, 2020

The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband Essays

The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband Essays The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband Paper The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband Paper In section four we see the tailor and his wife swap lodgings with Mrs. Tall. We feel sympathy for her. The tailors wife does not feel guilt at all and assumes that Mrs. Tall will remarry. This makes us detest her even more. When Mr. Short returns both characters have changed, they have become even more contrasted. They both seemed shocked yet they know that their personality has not changed so they get back to their normal routine. They became inseparable again. This word tells us how together they are and how much they love each other. They were meant to be together. We feel even guiltier about how we laughed before but we are also relieved that they have been reunited. Disaster strikes again when Mrs. Tall has a stroke. She can hardly walk and is very weak. When they are walking around the gardens at Unity Mansions her short husband, by using a rope, helps he raise her left foot. It is described as pathetic. This word is there to arouse our sympathy and make us feel sorry for them. The residents of Unity Mansions nod at the couple now whenever they meet. This shows that they and also we should respect them for this pathetic yet impressive sight. In section five Mrs. Tall dies. Death and life were equally cruel to her, these words tell us that throughout her life everything was cruel and hard. We feel that it is unfair that she had to die after all she ahs been through. The short husband gets his job back and his pay. The tailors wife spotting a rich single man cannot wait to set him up with her niece. This shows us that she is hypocritical because she accused Mrs. Tall of marrying him for his money. When she arrives at the gatehouse she sees that Mr. Shorts face is black and she sees the photo of them in their wedding day on the wall. I think she has a strange feeling of guilt, she then retreats and does not mention her niece. Mr. Short never remarried but when it rained the author tells us that we can see him holding the umbrella up high. There is a big empty space under that umbrella a vacuum that nothing on earth can fill, this quote is the very last sentence of the story. It is very hard hitting and makes us think. Once again the author had shown us how he was devoted to her and she was to him. During the story the author manages to evoke many responses by showing and describing to us how the residents if Unity Mansions do and then we mimic their reactions. Through each stage of the story we react exactly the same as they do.

Thursday, February 27, 2020

Intravenous Drug Users Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intravenous Drug Users - Assignment Example This paper will focus on the on the vulnerability of the youths towards intravenous drug abuse. The most vulnerable population of this abuse is the youthÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s offenders this is according to the study carried out in South Australia. These youths are mostly found in areas that are densely populated. Lack of good storage techniques of syringes encourages intravenous drug use among the youths. Statistics indicate that there is less use of drugs in youths that are under the care of the parents than those that are on the streets. An assessment was carried out among the youths to acquire appropriate data on the usage of drugs. Most youths were not ready to comply with this assessment. It was later found that intravenous drug abuse is most common among the youths of the age between 14-19 years old (Chin 133). The youths seem to abuse drugs more than the adults. Substance abuse increases with an increase in age. Male youths have been reported to abuse drugs more than women. This abuse amo ng youthÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s emanates from environmental factors and also social factors. Intravenous drug users get to learn from there peers. Youths who reside in urban centers are reported to be the most vulnerable towards drug abuse. These youths are influenced into substance abuse by those individuals that have a close connection to the drugs. ... A study carried out in Canada proved that the high spread of substance abuse was due to the high level of homelessness among the youths. Therefore, this homeless children resort to staying in the streets where they are lured into substance use. Others participate in transportation or selling of these drugs to earn a living (Chin 139). Another contributing factor to the usage of drugs is stress among the youths who later resort to abuse of drugs. Adults play a role in fueling drug use among the use for instance ignorance among parents on their childrenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s welfare, there are adults who encourage intravenous drug use by selling drugs and syringes to the youths. Abuse of drugs has had negative far reaching effects on the youth population. Most cases of HIV/AIDS has been caused due to substance abuse. Unplanned pregnancies have also bee caused by substance abuse therefore leading to production of children by children. Intravenous drug abuse is sometimes caused by an individualÃ¢â‚¬â „¢s ignorance. Most youths are adamant to the teachings and blind to the negative effects that accrue from substance abuse. Another reason to the high substance abuse is school drop outs. Most undisciplined students drop out of school to engage in substance abuse. They do not care about the effects of these drugs to their health. Effects of intravenous drug abuse have been made known worldwide therefore; the youthÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s engagement in this act cannot be blamed to the environmental factors but rather themselves (McCarthy 16). Research is very important in shaping ones attitudes. The bias that has been formed against the intravenous drug users can be changed through research. This is because we get to learn different factors that lead to substance abuse among the youths. An individual will be able

Tuesday, February 11, 2020

Are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be Essay

Are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be interested in the sounds of animals - Essay Example There are also arguments by Rothenberg (2013) that opine humans got their notion of dance, rhythm and synchronisation from insect sounds that have surrounded them through millions of years of evolution. Essentially, animal and insect sounds have shaped human sounds. He claims that the sound of insects has acted as a soundtrack for humanity in its entire history and presently, the sounds insects and animals produce are inextricably linked with humanity. From this perspective, this paper will research on the relationship and answer the question Ã¢â‚¬Å"are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be interested in the sounds of animals?Ã¢â‚¬ Sound can either be audible or inaudible to the human ear. Inaudible sound is further categorised as infrasound (those below 20 hertz) and ultrasounds (those above 20 kilohertz). The human inner ear has a spiral sheet on which sound plucks synonymously to the way guitar strings are plucked and fires the brain cells that constitute the hearing parts of the brain. When the firing pattern is varied, different cell ensembles are excited and the sounds associated to past experiences, thoughts and feelings. Animal sound is natural in the sense that they are generated by the animals in their normal soundscape (Seyfarth, Cheney & Fischer, 2010). Apart from humankind having the unique ability to understand or identify with the needs most animals, listening to their sounds is one of the key ways of understanding such needs (Rothenberg, 2013). This can also be viewed from the perspective that humans know relatively little on other creaturesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ sensory world but, apart from visually, they can interact with them by listening to the sounds they make. Most of the sounds and the vocalizations animals produce are specialised for communication with other animals belonging to the same species. In mammals, sound is produced in the vocal chords (larynx) while birds use a special organ known as the syrinx to produce their songs.