The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Example For Students

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Sewage systems are one of the most of import substructures in building of residential, industrial or commercial undertaking as it determines the quality of life enjoyed by a community. It consists of a web of belowground cloaca pipes, pump Stationss, sewerage intervention workss and sludge intervention installations. This system normally operates based on by gravitation due to the incline of the pipe which reduces the high cost required for pumping. We will write a custom essay on The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sewers are farther classified into a few classs, which depend on the type of effluent that each of it carries. For illustration, storm cloacas are designed to transport stormwater from roofs, paved countries, pavings and roads ; industrial cloacas are designed to transport effluent generate from the industry ; healthful cloacas are designed to transport the waste H2O from cooking and rinsing and the wastes from lavatories. There is another type of cloaca which is known as combined cloacas. These types of cloacas are designed to transport stormwater, industrial wastes, and domestic sewerage. In Malaysia, many towns and metropoliss use the separate cloaca system. The effluent is transported in separate pipes from storm cloacas, industrial cloacas and healthful cloacas. This system will non see CSOs ( Combine Sewer Overflows ) which normally happen to combined cloaca. The implosion therapy will do by stormwater merely. Sewage system is really of import as it helps people to transport the wastes or sewage off from their topographic points. Therefore, the system must be working good because improper operation system will take to pollution and taint of assorted facets of our environing which affect human life and wellness. Hence, regular care must be done to the bing sewage system and appropriate design must be applied to the new sewage systems to guarantee the sewage systems are in good status. The efficiency of the sewage system is affected by the flow of the effluent. In planing a sewage system, the type and size of the pipe to be used must be able to suit the extremum flow. The extremum flow is based on the population equivalent which is a direct measuring of the population in an country. When planing the sewage, there is a criterion and standards that should be followed. The standard codification of pattern for sewage design in Malaysia ( MS 1228:1991 ) was adopted from British Standard ; BS 8005:1987. However, British Standard may non be as applicable to Malaysia due to the season and clime factor which have direct consequence on the extremum flow. This is the chief ground of making this research to happen out whether the criterion is suited to be used in Malaysia. Outline1 Problem Statement2 1.3Research Aims3 1.4 Scope of Research4 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW5 2.1 Sewage System in Malaya6 Figure 2.1 Flow of effluent from private pipe to public pipe ( USJ 23 Residence7 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater8 Figure 2.2 Transportation system of Wastewater ( Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum,9 Wastewater Treatment )10 2.3 Concept A ; Theory11 2.4 Measure for Effluent12 Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE ( MS1228:1991 )13 No.14 Type of Premises/Establishment15 Population Equivalent ( recommended )16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes23 2.4.2.1 Lending Population24 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow25 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate26 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow27 2.5.1 Design Equations28 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design29 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design30 Figure 2.2 ( a ) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge31 ( B ) Pipe flow with surcharge ( David and John, 2011 )32 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer33 Table 2.2 Pipe Materi als for Gravity Sewer34 Types of Pipe Material35 Length ( m )36 Diameter ( millimeter )37 Pipe Joints38 A39 A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 A45 A46 A47 A48 A49 A50 A51 A52 A53 A54 A55 A56 A57 A58 A59 Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY60 3.1 Introduction61 3.2 Preliminary Plants62 3.2.1 Information Gathering63 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems64 ( MS1228:1991 )65 3.3 Site Work66 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement Problem Statement Any sewage system will be designed to transport a certain sum of sewerage based on the population equivalent ( PE ) . In sewage design, the per capita flow and the peak flow rate ( Qpeak ) are of import parametric quantities. Based on British Standard, the per capita flow is 225L/day/person and the extremum flow factor, K is 4.7. However, a old survey indicated lower per capita flow and peak flow factor in the sewage system in Malaysia although no conclusive consequences were obtained ( Dayalan, 2007 ) . A lower extremum flow factor will ensue in smaller pipes which will incur lower cost. Therefore, farther research is needed to analyze the suitableness of current design standard for sewage system located in tropical climes. 1.3Research Aims The aims of the survey are: To obtain flow informations from pre-determined cloaca tributary country. To measure the parametric quantity in the extremum flow factor equation for medium graduated table sewage catchment system. To find the relationship between population of an country to the extremum flow of sewage system. 1.4 Scope of Research To roll up relevant information of sewage design from selected literatures. To happen out relevant expression provided in selected codifications for sewage design. To analyze the extremum flow factor in sewer line that serve the PE value of 1000-10000. To mensurate flow features by utilizing flow metre with build-in detector in manholes at Tropicana Indah. To compare the consequences obtained with the expression in the standard codification. To do recommendation on the feasibleness of the codification expression to tropical clime. Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sewage System in Malaya The sewage system is designed to roll up effluent or disgusting sewerage generated from residential, industrial and commercial countries through sewer pipes and discharges it to the intervention workss or installations to guarantee the sewerage is released to the natural H2O organic structures in an appropriate status and quality ( Geoffrey, 2004 ) . In Malaysia, sewage systems range from simple lavatory with small or no intervention provided to modern sewerage intervention workss that treat the sewerage to the desired quality conformity to environment criterion. There are two chief types of sewage system in Malaysia. A premiss sewage system is either connected to a public sewerage intervention works or an single infected armored combat vehicle. Indah Water Konsortium ( IWK ) is responsible to supply service and care to public sewerage intervention workss and all the belowground pipes and besides provide desludging services to single infected armored combat vehicles ( Abd Aziz, 2006 ) . IWK decided to split the belowground pipe into two subdivisions, public pipe and private pipe ( Figure 2.1 ) to do certain that all belowground pipes operate without any job. Public pipe is under the duty of IWK and the private pipe is under single duty. An person have to pay for the IWK services when the private pipe demand for serving. ( Abd Aziz, 2006 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usj23.com/planet_free/sewage_system/Sewage % 20System.jpg Figure 2.1 Flow of effluent from private pipe to public pipe ( USJ 23 Residence 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater Wastewater is normally transported through sewer pipes that are connected to the cloaca brinies by clay, cast-iron, or polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) pipes that scope from 80-100mm diameter. The big cloaca brinies can be located about 1.8m deep or more than that along the center line of a street or tract. The little and big cloaca pipes are made by different stuff, in which the smaller cloaca pipes are made of clay, concrete, or asbestos cement, and the big cloaca pipes are made of strengthened concrete building. The flow of effluent is different from water-supply system. The H2O supply is transported to each house by the application of force per unit area. However, the effluent from each house is flows through sewer pipes by gravitation. Therefore, the cloaca pipe must put on incline surface to let the effluent to flux at a speed of at least 0.8m/s and non more than 4m/s. ( MS1228:1991 ) . If the effluent flows at speed lower than 0.8m/s, the solid stuff tends to settle in the pipe whic h will take to blockage. Storm-water brinies have similar construction as healthful cloacas but they have a much larger diameter than healthful cloacas. In certain topographic points, the urban cloaca brinies are connected to interceptor cloacas, which can so fall in to organize a bole line. The bole line will so dispatch the effluent into the wastewater-treatment works. This transit procedure is shown in Figure 2.2. As the interceptors and bole lines will transport the effluent discharge from sewer chief, they are normally made of brick or reinforced concrete which can transport more burden than the other pipe. Sometimes, they are big plenty for a truck to go through through them. ( Norhan Abd Rahman et.al, 2007 ) .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .postImageUrl , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:visited , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:active { border:0!important; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:active , .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3b6593232e9f903beba08d8ceed3b1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation Essayhypertext transfer protocol: //techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/CombinedSewer.jpg Figure 2.2 Transportation system of Wastewater ( Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum, Wastewater Treatment ) 2.3 Concept A ; Theory In planing a sewage pipe web, the pump Stationss and sewerage intervention workss are required to transport and pump volumetric flow rate. The flow rates are normally measured in three-dimensional metre per second ( m3/s ) and need to be calculated for both bing land usage and for expected hereafter development. There are two parametric quantities that are used to cipher expected flow rates. One of the parametric quantities is per capita flow. This per capita flow of 225L/person/day is an mean day-to-day flow, which means a individual will bring forth 225 litres of sewerage in a twenty-four hours. Another design parametric quantity named population equivalent ( PE ) of a catchment can besides be used to cipher the flow rate. PE is non a step of population. However, it is used to mensurate the estimated figure of people that use the sewerage installations. In residential countries, the PE is a direct measuring of the population in an country which is calculated as five per home. The PE has a different method of measuring in commercial country. It is calculated from the floor country and this PE value is considered to be relative to the figure of people utilizing a premiss during the twenty-four hours which does non reflect the population life in an country. 2.4 Measure for Effluent 2.4.1 Tributary Area Tributary country is an country from where the effluent is being transported to a peculiar cloaca subdivision. The types of activities in that country determine the measure of effluent being collected by a peculiar subdivision. A study has to be done when there is no information available on bing countries in order to find the figure and categorization of individuals and the types of industries. ( Guyer, 2010 ) Table 2.1 shows the method of ciphering the PE. Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE ( MS1228:1991 ) No. Type of Premises/Establishment Population Equivalent ( recommended ) 1 Residential 5 per unit 2 Commercial: A A ( include entertainment/recreational Centres, eating houses, cafeteria, theaters ) 3 per 100m gross country 3 School/Educational Institutions: A A Day schools/institutions 0.2 per pupil A Full moon residential 1 per pupil A Partial derivative residential 0.2 per pupil for non-residential pupil and 1 per pupil for residential pupil 4 Hospitals 4 per bed 5 Hotels ( with dining and wash installations ) 4 per room 6 Factories ( excepting procedure wastes ) 0.3 per staff 7 Market ( Wet Type ) 3 per stall 8 Petrol kiosks/Service Stationss 18 per service bay 9 Bus terminus 4 per coach bay 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes 2.4.2.1 Lending Population In planing the flow, the population to be used depends on the location of the cloaca. The design population in a residential country is based on the figure of houses served. However, the design population for an industrial country is the maximal figure of staff of all time employed. The design population for cloacas that serve both residential and industrial countries include occupants and non-residents. Designing of these cloacas denote that no individual should be counted more than one time. Allowances should be made for future population alterations caused by maestro planning projections and installation forces demands. ( Guyer, 2010 ) 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow The mean day-to-day flow is counted by multiplying the population equivalent from occupant and non-resident with the appropriate per capita flow and adding the two flows generated from both resident and non-resident. The mean day-to-day flow shows the entire volume of waste generated over a 24-hour period. It can non be used for wastes that were generated over shorter periods of 8, 10, 12 hours, etc. Therefore, it can merely be used for planing cloacas that generate effluent over a 24-hour period ( e.g. residential country ) . In Malaysia, the mean day-to-day flow for residential country is normally taken as 225L/person/day. In industrial countries, the mean day-to-day flow is taken every bit 115L/person/day as non-resident forces and employees is working for 8-hour displacements. These measures are normally used in planing effluent intervention installations. However, they are besides used for sizing interceptors, bole cloacas and pumping Stationss functioning big parts of the insta lling. ( Guyer, 2010 ) 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate Average hourly flow rate is used for planing cloacas that serve little countries of the installing ( e.g. industrial country ) , where most of the effluent is generated by non-residents or other short term residents. The mean hourly flow rate is counted based on the existent period of waste coevals. For illustration, 1000 non-residents with an mean day-to-day flow of 115L/person/day would bring forth 115,000 litres in 8 hours which is tantamount to an mean hourly flow rate of 14,375 L/h or 345,000 L/d. However, the mean day-to-day flow would still be 115,000 L/d. Therefore, the cloaca must be designed hydraulicly to transport 115,000 litres of waste in 8 hours alternatively of 24 hours ( Guyer, 2010 ) . If the cloaca is designed to transport a waste of 115,000 litres in 24 hours, so the cloaca pipe will non be able to transport the wastes as the existent volume of wastes generated is more than the design waste. This will take to the obstruction of sewer pipes and flood in the lavator y. 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow The design flow of effluent must be determined for any subdivision of a proposed cloaca. The design flow is non merely based on healthful sewerage ; industrial flows, inflow and infiltration must besides be taken into history. The followers shows the equation to find the extremum flow factor and the factor to be considered in sewage design. 2.5.1 Design Equations The extremum flow required to plan cloacas, pumping station and intervention installations are calculated by the undermentioned equation: Peak flow factor = 4.7 ten p-0.11 p Estimated tantamount population, in 1000. The cloacas are designed based on extremum flow to guarantee that the sewer pipes would be able to suit the effluent generated at any clip. 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design In planing cloacas, there are a few factors as stated in MS1228:1991 that must be taken into consideration: Economy in the design The cloacas should be kept every bit short as possible and avoid unproductive lengths. Shallow rider cloacas can be laid under main roads holding expensive foundations and surfaces to have the local house connexion, and to link the riders at convenient points into the chief cloacas. Location of cloacas The cloacas should be placed within streets or right-of-way to ease the care work. .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .postImageUrl , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:visited , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:active { border:0!important; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:active , .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8 .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueebba90c313ad20fc18e7e5cdfbd24c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Building a Campfire There are many different campf EssayIf topography dictates, the cloaca is to be located within private belongingss, and supply equal entree for care intents. Location or the place of other bing or proposed service lines, constructing foundation, etc for care intents. A lower limit at 3 thousand horizontal and 1m perpendicular separation from the H2O chief should be provided to avoid the sewerage from come ining the H2O chief. The impact of sewer building and subsequent care activities towards route users. Hydraulic Design The cloacas should be laid at such gradients to bring forth equal speeds to convey the solid affair. The gradient should bring forth a minimal speed of non less than 0.8 m/s and a maximal speed of non more than 4.0 m/s to avoid scouring of cloaca by eroding action of suspended solid. Structural Design The deepness of cloacas must be equal to suit the sewerage from bing and future belongingss. The minimal deepness should be 1.2 m. The minimal size of the cloaca should be 200 millimeter in diameter in order to convey natural sewerage. Straight alliance and unvarying gradient between back-to-back manholes should be laid for cloacas of 600 millimeter or less in internal diameter while curves can be laid for cloacas of larger than 600 mm internal diameter. Flexible type and watertight articulations should be provided between cloacas, sewer manhole or other gear construction to avoid infiltration and breakage due to differential colony. The foundation should be able to keep the pipe in proper alliance and carry the weight of dirt above the cloaca and any other overlying burden. Service Connection The diameter of the connexion must be equal plenty to forestall obstruction jobs. The cloaca must hold a minimal gradient of 2 % . The minimal size of the connexion should be 150 millimeter. Tee junction should be used to link service connexion to the chief cloaca. 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design Sewers are designed to convey the effluent flows as required. By and large, it is non recommended to plan the cloacas for full flow, even at peak rates as the opportunities for job arising are high. The flows that cover above 90 % to 95 % of full deepnesss are considered unstable which may take to sudden loss of transporting capacity with surcharging at manholes as shown in Figure 2.2 ( Guyer, 2010 ) . Surcharging means that the pipe that is designed to flux full or partially full, is now transporting the flow under force per unit area. When the flow exceeds the design capacity, there will be surcharge in the manholes ( David and John, 2011 ) . Besides that, big bole and interceptor cloacas laid on level inclines experience less fluctuation in flow. If it is designed to flux full, the cloacas may miss sufficient air infinite above the liquid for proper airing. Ventilation in cloaca is of import in forestalling the buildup of explosive, caustic or odorous gases, and for cut downing th e formation of H sulphide. Therefore, the deepness of design flow for bole and interceptor cloacas should non transcend 90 % of full deepness ; laterals and chief cloacas, 80 % ; and edifice connexions, 70 % . Regardless of flow and deepness, the minimal sizes of sewer pipes to be used are 150 millimeters for service connexions and 200 millimeter for all other sewer types. The sewer pipes for service connexions are normally smaller than 150 millimeters as they merely convey liquids with small or no solids ( e.g. condensate lines ) . A condensate line of more than 100 millimeter is recommended for most state of affairss. Same design standards as healthful cloacas can be applied to industrial application except pipe stuff that is immune to the waste are to be specified. ( Guyer, 2010 ) Figure 2.2 ( a ) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge ( B ) Pipe flow with surcharge ( David and John, 2011 ) 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer There are many types of stuff which can be used for sewage building. However, the type of stuffs that we choose must depend on its life anticipation, old local experience, raggedness coefficient, structural strength and local handiness. Table 2.2 shows the common stuffs that are suited for healthful cloacas. Sewer pipes made by different stuff have different diameters and lengths. Table 2.2 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer Types of Pipe Material Length ( m ) Diameter ( millimeter ) Pipe Joints Vitrified clay pipe ( VCP ) 0.6 1.0 100 300 Flexible Reinforced concrete pipe A A A lt ; 375mm diameter 1.83 150 3000 Spigot A ; socket type with gum elastic rings gt ; 375mm diameter 3.05 Fabricated steel with sulfates resistance cement liner 9 100 1500 A A A A lt ; 750mm diameter A A Spigot A ; socket, rim and mechanical gt ; 750mm diameter A A Welded articulations Cast Fe 3.66 Vary Flange and spigot A ; socket type Asbestos cement pipe 4 100 600 A Plastic pipe 6 110 630 Spigot terminal and socket type with gum elastic seals, jointing by rims, welding and solvent cementing A A A A A A Other stuff A A A Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this research, a field work will be conducted to acquire the information that will be used to make the aims of this research. 3.2 Preliminary Plants This is the initial plants that has to be done before carry oning the field work at site. It includes information assemblage on the subject of sewage design and self-study on similar and related subjects in order to larn more. 3.2.1 Information Gathering A series of books, articles and online information has to be studied to obtain information on the subject of sewage design. Beginnings for sewage design largely come from abroad. However, the information on the method to measure the design standard is obtained from related research by a local university. 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems ( MS1228:1991 ) With the mention to this codification book, the design standard and the factors to be considered for sewage design is obtained. The equations to cipher the extremum flow which depend on the population equivalent are all available in this standard codification of pattern. 3.3 Site Work A site has been identified for the field work informations aggregation. The location of this site is in Tropicana Indah. Approval is still pending from IWK for entree to their manholes. 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement The flow feature of a subdivision of sewage pipe systems can be measured by utilizing a flow metre. This flow metre is provided with detector which will automatically enter the flow, speed and H2O tallness at a specific clip interval, which in this instance is 5 proceedingss. Once the measuring is completed, the information from the flow metre will be linked to a computing machine that has Flowlink4 package. This package would help the plotting of graphs for the 3 parametric quantities ( flow, speed and tallness ) every bit good as transportation of informations to other package. From the information, the upper limit and minimal hourly flow rate can be obtained. The mean flow rate can be used to cipher per capita flow. Flow per capita = Average day-to-day flow ( m3/day ) / Entire population equivalent ( PE ) = m3/day/person The rating of peak factor and per capita flow for sewage can besides be done through the informations obtained from field experiment. The equations that are used for sewage design are as follow: a. Peak flow factor = 4.7 A- p-0.11 B. Average day-to-day flow = Flow per capita A- Pe = m3/day c. Peak domestic flow = Peak flow factor A- Average day-to-day flow = 4.7 A- p-0.11 A- Flow per capita A- Pe = m3/day From MS 1228:1991, the p value is an estimated PE in 1000s and the mean flow per capita is 225 L/day/person.

The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband Essays

The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband Essays The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband Paper The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband Paper In section four we see the tailor and his wife swap lodgings with Mrs. Tall. We feel sympathy for her. The tailors wife does not feel guilt at all and assumes that Mrs. Tall will remarry. This makes us detest her even more. When Mr. Short returns both characters have changed, they have become even more contrasted. They both seemed shocked yet they know that their personality has not changed so they get back to their normal routine. They became inseparable again. This word tells us how together they are and how much they love each other. They were meant to be together. We feel even guiltier about how we laughed before but we are also relieved that they have been reunited. Disaster strikes again when Mrs. Tall has a stroke. She can hardly walk and is very weak. When they are walking around the gardens at Unity Mansions her short husband, by using a rope, helps he raise her left foot. It is described as pathetic. This word is there to arouse our sympathy and make us feel sorry for them. The residents of Unity Mansions nod at the couple now whenever they meet. This shows that they and also we should respect them for this pathetic yet impressive sight. In section five Mrs. Tall dies. Death and life were equally cruel to her, these words tell us that throughout her life everything was cruel and hard. We feel that it is unfair that she had to die after all she ahs been through. The short husband gets his job back and his pay. The tailors wife spotting a rich single man cannot wait to set him up with her niece. This shows us that she is hypocritical because she accused Mrs. Tall of marrying him for his money. When she arrives at the gatehouse she sees that Mr. Shorts face is black and she sees the photo of them in their wedding day on the wall. I think she has a strange feeling of guilt, she then retreats and does not mention her niece. Mr. Short never remarried but when it rained the author tells us that we can see him holding the umbrella up high. There is a big empty space under that umbrella a vacuum that nothing on earth can fill, this quote is the very last sentence of the story. It is very hard hitting and makes us think. Once again the author had shown us how he was devoted to her and she was to him. During the story the author manages to evoke many responses by showing and describing to us how the residents if Unity Mansions do and then we mimic their reactions. Through each stage of the story we react exactly the same as they do.

Intravenous Drug Users Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intravenous Drug Users - Assignment Example This paper will focus on the on the vulnerability of the youths towards intravenous drug abuse. The most vulnerable population of this abuse is the youth’s offenders this is according to the study carried out in South Australia. These youths are mostly found in areas that are densely populated. Lack of good storage techniques of syringes encourages intravenous drug use among the youths. Statistics indicate that there is less use of drugs in youths that are under the care of the parents than those that are on the streets. An assessment was carried out among the youths to acquire appropriate data on the usage of drugs. Most youths were not ready to comply with this assessment. It was later found that intravenous drug abuse is most common among the youths of the age between 14-19 years old (Chin 133). The youths seem to abuse drugs more than the adults. Substance abuse increases with an increase in age. Male youths have been reported to abuse drugs more than women. This abuse amo ng youth’s emanates from environmental factors and also social factors. Intravenous drug users get to learn from there peers. Youths who reside in urban centers are reported to be the most vulnerable towards drug abuse. These youths are influenced into substance abuse by those individuals that have a close connection to the drugs. ... A study carried out in Canada proved that the high spread of substance abuse was due to the high level of homelessness among the youths. Therefore, this homeless children resort to staying in the streets where they are lured into substance use. Others participate in transportation or selling of these drugs to earn a living (Chin 139). Another contributing factor to the usage of drugs is stress among the youths who later resort to abuse of drugs. Adults play a role in fueling drug use among the use for instance ignorance among parents on their children’s welfare, there are adults who encourage intravenous drug use by selling drugs and syringes to the youths. Abuse of drugs has had negative far reaching effects on the youth population. Most cases of HIV/AIDS has been caused due to substance abuse. Unplanned pregnancies have also bee caused by substance abuse therefore leading to production of children by children. Intravenous drug abuse is sometimes caused by an individualâ€⠄¢s ignorance. Most youths are adamant to the teachings and blind to the negative effects that accrue from substance abuse. Another reason to the high substance abuse is school drop outs. Most undisciplined students drop out of school to engage in substance abuse. They do not care about the effects of these drugs to their health. Effects of intravenous drug abuse have been made known worldwide therefore; the youth’s engagement in this act cannot be blamed to the environmental factors but rather themselves (McCarthy 16). Research is very important in shaping ones attitudes. The bias that has been formed against the intravenous drug users can be changed through research. This is because we get to learn different factors that lead to substance abuse among the youths. An individual will be able

Are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be Essay

Are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be interested in the sounds of animals - Essay Example There are also arguments by Rothenberg (2013) that opine humans got their notion of dance, rhythm and synchronisation from insect sounds that have surrounded them through millions of years of evolution. Essentially, animal and insect sounds have shaped human sounds. He claims that the sound of insects has acted as a soundtrack for humanity in its entire history and presently, the sounds insects and animals produce are inextricably linked with humanity. From this perspective, this paper will research on the relationship and answer the question â€Å"are there any reasons, beyond the purely aesthetic, for us to be interested in the sounds of animals?† Sound can either be audible or inaudible to the human ear. Inaudible sound is further categorised as infrasound (those below 20 hertz) and ultrasounds (those above 20 kilohertz). The human inner ear has a spiral sheet on which sound plucks synonymously to the way guitar strings are plucked and fires the brain cells that constitute the hearing parts of the brain. When the firing pattern is varied, different cell ensembles are excited and the sounds associated to past experiences, thoughts and feelings. Animal sound is natural in the sense that they are generated by the animals in their normal soundscape (Seyfarth, Cheney & Fischer, 2010). Apart from humankind having the unique ability to understand or identify with the needs most animals, listening to their sounds is one of the key ways of understanding such needs (Rothenberg, 2013). This can also be viewed from the perspective that humans know relatively little on other creatures’ sensory world but, apart from visually, they can interact with them by listening to the sounds they make. Most of the sounds and the vocalizations animals produce are specialised for communication with other animals belonging to the same species. In mammals, sound is produced in the vocal chords (larynx) while birds use a special organ known as the syrinx to produce their songs.

Studies in English Literature Essay Example for Free

Studies in English Literature Essay Henry V, positioned during the critical move from the Theatre to the Globe, can serve as a case study for this kind of economic close reading. It tells a story of continual repositioning, good and bad decisions, business errors, and the workings of a company that was trying to succeed financially but was far from assured of success. From 1598 through 1599, the Chamberlains Men dealt with a series of difficulties. One of these difficulties was related to politics: the companys choice of Henry V as a topic, assuming that it would be topical and popular, and the subsequent return of the earl of Essex in defeat. But most of the companys problems were internal and economic. [3] The search for a theatrical home took up most of the companys energy, through the Blackfriars financial fiasco, in the bitter battles with Giles Allen over their lease (which resulted in pulling down the Theatre), and through their commissioning of Peter Street to build a new theater in Southwark, the Globe. Another major blow was the departure of William Kempe from the company. Henry V shows the strains of making a series of accommodations to fit financial and internal crises: casting changes, location changes, and changes in topical references. These accommodations can be seen in the prologues, in the accommodations to the casting, in the break from 2 Henry IV, and finally, quite possibly, in the Bad Quarto text of 1600. In 1597, James Burbage died, leaving his sons capital invested in the Blackfriars Theater. He had bought the Blackfriars on 4 February 1595/96. [4] His plans to move the company there had been frustrated by the petition of the inhabitants, including the companys own patron, Lord Hunsdon: [W]hereas one Burbage hath lately bought certaine roomes in the same precinct neere adjoyning unto the dwelling houses of the right honourable the Lord Chamberlaine and the Lord of Hunsdon, which romes the said Burbage is now altering and meaneth very shortly to convert and turne the same into a comon playhouse, which will grow to be a very great annoyance and trouble [ldots] both by reason of the great resort and gathering togeather of all manner of vagrant and lewde persons that, under cullor of resorting to the playes, will come thither and worke all manner of mischeefe, and allso to the great pestring and filling up of the same precinct, yf it should please God to send any visitation of sicknesse as heretofore hath been [ldots] and besydes, that the same playhouse is so neere the Church that the noyse of the drummes and trumpetts will greatly disturbe and hinder both the ministers and parishioners in tyme of devine service and sermons [ldots] there hath not at any tyme heretofore been used any comon playh ouse within the same precinct, but that now all players being banished [ldots] from playing within the Cittie by reason of the great inconveniences and ill rule that followeth them, they now thincke to plant them selves in liberties. [5] The petitioners object to the increased traffic, the noise, the nature of the audience (vagrant and lewde persons), and to the possibility of the plague. Perhaps most significant is their statement that the players are banished from the city and now thincke to plant them selves in liberties. It has often been assumed that the freedom sought by the playing companies was primarily political and that the companies were marginalized. [6] Steven Rappaport points out, however, that the liberties were economically attractive to those who wished to avoid city regulation in order to make more money. [7] The liberties were, therefore, enterprise zones, and as such were equally attractive to theatrical companies seeking economic freedom. In short, the inhabitants of Blackfriars successfully blocked the move. The Chamberlains Men were losing their lease at the Theatre and had nowhere to go. Adams, John Cranford. The Globe Playhouse: Its Design and Equipment. 2nd ed. New York: Barnes Noble, 1961. The years all other theatres of its type had to be closed down, refurbished, or replaced. And until its accidental destruction in 1613 the Globe was the principal theatre, public or private, in all London, occupied exclusively by the leading theatrical company, during that companys strongest years. In short the Globe witnessed indeed it helped materially to create the golden years of Elizabethan drama. If for no other reasons this study of the Globe would be justified. But its chief object is to prepare the way for a fuller understanding of Shakespeares plays. The stage for which he wrote differed radically from our modern stage, and as a consequence his techniques and conventions were unlike those of Broadway and Hollywood. As Mr. Tyrone Guthrie observed (in The Listener of April 10, 1958): Shakespeare will always have to be butchered so long as his work has to be produced in a sort of theatre for which the plays were not written, to which they are positively ill-adapted; a sort of theatre designed for effects which are irrelevant to Shakespeares purposes, and inimical to the kind of effects he sought. If we are to comprehend his genius as not only the leading dramatist but also the leading theatre craftsman of his age, we must bring more to a study of his plays than the theatrical assumptions and techniques of today. It is important to the study of Shakespeare and his fellow dramatists to understand the design of an Elizabethan public stage and the extent to which that stage was equipped with fixed or alterable scenery, with traps, machines, and properties all helping to enlarge and sustain the scope and force of dramatic illusion. It is essential, for example, to know where the audience was placed in relation to any given unit of the multiple stage, and whether the inner stages (where such scenes as the murder of Desdemona or the blinding of Gloucester took place) were remote and dimly lighted or were in full view and well lighted. It revives some of the excitement Shakespearean.

Alcohol Abuse :: essays research papers

Alcohol Abuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol abuse is a very dangerous condition in that it can cause many problems in a persons life and affect many aspects of their lifestyle. Alcoholism (or alcohol abuse) somehow effects everyone's life at some point in time; through a parent, a sibling, a friend, or even personal encounters. Alcohol abuse, as a medical diagnosis, refers to a pattern of behavior characterized by excessive alcohol consumption. This consumption can occur at regular intervals, regular weekend intervals, or during binges, which are considered as being intoxicated for at least two successive days. Difficulty in stopping, reducing the amount of alcohol use, and impaired social/occupational role functioning are all characteristics of alcohol abuse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A number of theories in the medical feild are used to explain alcohol abuse. These are the biologic-genetic model, learning/social model, the psychodynamic model, and the multidimensional model (McFarland 457). Each different model, for alcoholism have varied explanations as to how and why people use and abuse alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The biologic-genetic model states that there is a specific genetic vulnerability for alcoholism. There has been extensive studies on factors in the genes that could determine or influence the use of alcohol from generation to generation. However, these studies have shown no hard evidence for an association between alcoholism and inherited factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The learning and social model proposes that alcoholism is a process that is slowly developed within a social situation or atmosphere. This model of alcoholism has also been researched by using both human and animal subjects. A conditioning model of alcohol tolerance has demonstrated that specific cues from the environment such as odor, sight, and taste, produce a stimulus that results in alcohol consumption. If ethanol, the addictive ingredient in alcohol , is not supplied, a psychological compensatory response called a craving is produced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The psychodynamic model of alcoholism proposes that problematic child rearing practices produce psychosexual maldevelopment and dependence/independece conflicts. It is believed that while habitual alcohol use is in process, the habitual drinker may use behavior such as exaggeration, denial, rationalization, and affiliation with socially deviant groups. Results of these behaviors may include decreased work efficiency, job loss, alienation of friends and family, or even hospitalization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The multidimensional model of alcoholism combines the interaction of biological, behavioral, and sociocultural factors. These three factors contribute together to make the strongest model, in which most alcoholics fit. The biological model relates to the progression from occasional initial relief drinking, to the increase of tolerance, and from loss of memory during heavy drinking periods to an urgency of drinking. The behavioral model is helpful in the identification of high-risk situations, in which alcoholics are most likely

Funding in Issaquah School District

The responsibility for managing the finances of Issaquah School District lies with the superintendent and the School Board, although it is regulated by state law and is under instructions from the Superintendent of Public Instruction. There are guidelines for budgeting, accounting and financial reporting, which all district schools must follow. School districts plan and formulate a budget before the start of the school year. The budget is formed in accordance to the stipulations of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The finance department handles money related functions like budgeting, accounting, payroll and benefits, purchasing, accounts payable and receivable, inventory control and asset management. The school district also includes several individual businesses like transport business, food service business, and a child care business. All these are operated on the lines of business model, to ensure accountability and proper use of public funds. In July 2004, a Policy Governance system was introduced by the school board, requiring routine reports on the status and developments occurring in every aspect of district operation. The financial monitoring reports are reviewed several times a year, by the school board. The setting of the school budget requires about a year’s time, and its working is always done for the subsequent year. It requires a four-month time for the completing of the preliminary works like receiving directions for budget setting from Superintendent, legislature, and administrators beginning to work on the budget process. Another four-month period is also required for the drafting of the budget and finalizing the budget, respectively. Apart from gifts and grants received, Issaquah gets less in funding. There are three sources of funding for school districts; namely the federal, state and local taxes. Issaquah gets less funding from all three sources, compared to any other districts. The Issaquah school district ranks 272nd in the revenue per pupil, among the districts in the state. It must be noted here that there are only 296 districts in the state in 2006-07. However many people consider Issaquah as a rich district, unaware of the realities and effects of the lesser funding. School funding is an important agenda debated in Washington’s State legislative and budget panning sessions. In 2006-07, Issaquah received only about $395,000 in federal Title I funding which is aimed at remedial reading programs for the disadvantaged students. This should be compared with other King County districts which get even millions in this fund. The fact that a significant population of Issaquah is considerably affluent, is attributed as the cause for the low funding. In the 1970s, when education was equalized, some districts like Everett and Northshore paid higher salaries to their teachers. Today the state pays about $2000 more per year to an Everett teacher, when compared to an Issaquah teacher. In terms of local funding too, Issaquah treads behind several other districts due to gap in levy authority. Issaquah would collect $6. 4 million more each year if it had the levy authority similar to that of Bellevue, or collected $9. 2 million more per year if it had the levy authority of Mercer Island. In Issaquah, the under-funding of special education by the state is estimated to be around $2. 5 million per year, which is adjusted by local levy dollars. As the local levy dollars cannot be used for supporting other classroom programs, all the students are affected. It is estimated that the under-funding of special education by the Washington State is nearly $200 million per year. On September 30, 2004, about twelve school districts joined together and filed a case against the state for failing to provide the necessary funds for the special education programs. The courts have ruled that Washington State is obliged to fully fund the basic and special education in the district schools.